\[\left\{ \begin{matrix} b_{5} - b_{2} = - 54\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ b_{3} + b_{4} + b_{5} = - 36 \\ \end{matrix} \right.\ \text{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }\]
\[\left\{ \begin{matrix} b_{1}q^{4} - b_{1}q = - 54\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ b_{1}q^{2} + b_{1}q^{3} + b_{1}q^{4} = - 36 \\ \end{matrix} \right.\ \]
\[\left\{ \begin{matrix} b_{1}q\left( q^{3} - 1 \right) = - 54\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ b_{1}q^{2}\left( 1 + q + q^{2} \right) = - 36 \\ \end{matrix} \right.\ \]
\[\frac{\left( q^{3} - 1 \right)}{q\left( 1 + q + q^{2} \right)} = \frac{54}{36}\]
\[2q - 2 = 3q\]
\[q = - 2.\]
\[b_{1} = \frac{- 54}{q(q^{3} - 1)} = \frac{- 54}{2 \cdot 9} = - 3.\]
\[Ответ:\ q = - 2;\ \ b_{1} = - 3.\]